Vertebral Fractures
Fractured Spine
Vertebral fractures occur when one or more bones in the spine (vertebrae) suffer a partial or complete break, usually as a result of trauma, osteoporosis, or, less frequently, tumors. This type of injury can affect both the structural integrity of the spine and its neurological function, especially if there is compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots.
They are more common in the thoracic and lumbar regions and, depending on the severity, can cause acute pain, limited movement, neurological changes and, in some cases, visible postural deformities.
The diagnosis of vertebral fractures is based on clinical history (recent trauma, sudden pain, history of osteoporosis), physical examination, and imaging. The most commonly used tests include: plain radiography, CT scan, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
The choice of tests depends on the clinical context and the suspicion of associated lesions.
The symptoms of a vertebral fracture vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may include:
Sudden and intense pain in the spine, especially after exertion, a fall, or trauma.
Increased pain when standing or walking.
Partial pain relief when lying down.
Loss of height or abnormal curvature of the spine (such as kyphosis, in fractures due to osteoporosis)
Numbness, weakness, or tingling, in case of nerve compression.
In severe cases, changes in urinary or bowel control (medical emergency)
Treatment for vertebral fractures depends on the severity of the injury, the symptoms presented, and the underlying cause (such as osteoporosis or trauma). When necessary, minimally invasive and complementary approaches may be used for pain relief, stabilization, and functional recovery.
Kyphoplasty ↗︎: A minimally invasive procedure that involves inserting a balloon into the fractured vertebra, followed by the injection of bone cement. It helps restore the height of the vertebra and reduce pain.
Arthrodesis ↗︎: surgery that fuses two or more vertebrae to stabilize the spine, indicated in unstable fractures or those with neurological risk.
Endoscopic Surgery ↗︎A less invasive technique that allows for the treatment of injuries with less damage to tissues, resulting in faster recovery and less post-operative pain.
Minimally Invasive Surgery ↗︎This procedure utilizes small incisions and image-assisted techniques to treat fractures with minimal impact on the patient, and is indicated in selected cases.
Radiofrequency Ablation ↗︎: used to relieve chronic pain associated with changes in the spinal joints (such as facet joints), and may be useful in cases of residual pain after a fracture.
Complementary Therapies ↗︎: Methods such as acupuncture, therapeutic Pilates, and meditation can be integrated into the recovery plan, promoting pain relief, mobility, and overall well-being.
Vertebral fractures can occur for various reasons, the most common being:
OsteoporosisThis is the most frequent cause, especially in women after menopause. Bone fragility increases the risk of fractures even in simple activities, such as lifting an object or a minor stumble.
Direct traumaAccidents, falls, or strong impacts, such as in contact sports or road collisions, can fracture the vertebrae.
Repetitive strain injuriesRepetitive movements or overloading of the spine over time, especially in work-related settings, can predispose individuals to microfractures and vertebral collapses.
Metastatic tumors or lesionsIn rarer cases, bone changes caused by tumors can weaken the vertebral structure.
Does every spinal fracture require surgery?
No. Many vertebral fractures, especially those caused by osteoporosis, can be treated conservatively with rest, a brace, medication, and physical therapy. Surgery is reserved for cases with instability, severe pain, or neurological compression.
How long does it take to recover from a vertebral fracture?
It depends on the severity of the fracture and the treatment chosen. In general, recovery can take from a few weeks to several months. A gradual return to activity and rehabilitation are essential.
Can a vertebral fracture recur?
Yes, especially in patients with untreated osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to investigate and treat the underlying cause, in addition to adopting preventive measures.
Can a fracture affect the nerves or cause paralysis?
In some cases, yes. Especially if the fracture involves the spinal canal. Therefore, a proper imaging assessment is essential to determine the best treatment plan.